PUSHPA Official trailer| Allu Arjun||Rashmika Msndanna

PUSHPA is an upcoming Indian Telugu laguage action thriller movie and directed by Sukumar with Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandan a.The film will be released in Telugu along with dubbed version Tamil, Hindi, kannada, malayalam laguage.

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MOMENT AREA THEOREMS

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The moment area method is based on the following two theorems

Theorem 1   The change in the slope between two points on a straight member under flexure is equal to the area of M/EI diagram between those two points 

Where  M is the Bending Moment 

              E is the Young's Modulus

and           I is the Moment of Inertia

          Consider the beam AB(Figure 2.1(a)). Let C and D be any two points on this beam. The (M/EI) diagram is also shown in the figure. Figure 2.1(b) shows the elastic curve of the beam after loading. According to this throrem,thita CD which is the angle between the tangents at C and D is equal to the area of (M/EI) diagram between C and D (shaded portion). Thus

        

 

   

Theorem 2   Deflection at a point in a beam in the direction perpendicular to its original straight line position measured from the tangent to the elastic curve at another point is given by the moment of (M/EI) diagram about the point where the deflection is required 

    In figure 2.1(b),delta, the vertical (perpendicular to the horizontal position of AB) deflection at point D' from the tangent to the elastic curve at C' is given the moment of(M/EI) diagram between C and D about the point D. Thus, 

               

       

RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY AND INDEX SKETCH

Before the commencement of any survey work, the area to be surveyed is thoroughly examined by the surveyor, who then thinks about the possible arrangement of the framework of survey. This primary investigation of the area is termed as reconnaissance survey or reconnoitre.

    During reconnaissance survey, the surveyor should walk over the area and note the various obstacles and whether or not the selected stations are intervisiable. The main stations should be so selected that they enclose the whole area,. The surveyor should also take care that the triangles formed are well conditioned. He  should note the various objects which are to be located.

    The neat hand sketch of the area which is prepared during reconnaissance survey is known as the index sketch or key plan. The index sketch shows the skeleton of the survey work. It indicates the main survey stations, sub-station, tie stations, base line, arrangement for framework of triangles documents for the surveyor and for the person who will plot the map. It should be attached to the starting page of the filed book(Fig. 2.2) 

                       

WE'LL-CONDITIONED AND I'LL-CONDITIONED TRIANGLES

A triangle is said to be well conditioned when no angle in it is less than 30' or greater than 120'.An equilateral triangle is considered to be the best-condition or ideal triangle[Figs 2.1 (a) and (b) ].

        We'll-conditioned triangles are preferred because their apex points are very sharp and can be located by a single 'dot'. In such a case, there is no possibility of relative displacement of the plotted point.

        A triangle in which an angle is less than 30' or more than 120' is said to be i'll conditioned[Fig. 2.1(C)].

                 

         

I'll-condoned triangles are not used in chain surveying. This is because their apex points are not sharp and well defined, which is why a slight displacement of these points may cause considerable error in plotting.

CHAIN SURVEYING

• PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING     

The principle of chain surveying is triangulation. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. In chain surveying, the no angular measurements are taken. Here, the tie lines and check lines control the accuracy of work.

      It should be noted that plotting triangles requires no angular measurements to be made, if the three sides are known  

          Chain surveying is recommended when

               1.The ground surface is more or less level

               2.A small area is to br surveyed,   

               3.A small-scale map is to be prepared, and

               4.The formation of we'll-conditioned triangles is easy. 

          Chain surveying is unsuitable when

               1.The are is crowded with many details, 

               2.The area consists of too many undulations, 

               3.The area is very large, and

               4.The formation of well-conditioned triangles becomes difficult due to obstacles. 

Large-Scale and Small-Scale Maps

When 1 cm of a map represent a small distance, it is said to be a large-scale map. 

      For example, 

                                    1 cm =1 m, I. e.   RF = 1/100

When 1 cm of the map represents a large distance, it is called a small-scale map. 

          For example, 

                                      1 cm = 100 m,  I. e.   1 RF = 1/10000

    A map having an RF of less than 1/500 is considered to be large-scale. A map of RF more than 1/500 is said to be small-scale.


                 

     

        

Chain survey

Multiple-choice question:-

 1.The working principle of the optical square is based on

          A. Reflection

          B. Refraction

          C. Double reflection

     Ans:Double reflection  

 2.The field records of the chain survey is entered in a/an

          A. Exercise book

          B. Field book

          C. Level book

     Ans:Field book 

 3.The chainman who drags the chain is called the

          A. Captain

          B. Leader

          C. Follower

     Ans:Leader

 1
 4.The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is known as

          A. Primary survey

          B. Reconnaissance survey

          C. Rout survey

     Ans:Reconnaissance survey 

 5.The limiting length of offset depends upon the

          A. Scale of plotting

          B. Method of measurement

          C. Method of layout 

     Ans:Scale of plotting 

 6.The main survey stations are located on the ground by

          A. Index sketches

          B. Reference sketches

          C. Line sketch

     Ans:Reference sketches